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Animal Disguises: types of camouflage and coloration!

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Camouflage is an adaptation that helps an animal disguise its appearance. There are many types of camouflage. Camouflage may help an animal blend into its background or look like something inedible or toxic.

Many prey animals use camouflage to protect themselves from predators. Also, some predators use certain forms of camouflage to help them hide and sneak up on prey.

Are you an educator planning to teach camouflage in your classroom? You may enjoy trying out this simple camouflage lab activity – read about the lab activity and download my printable worksheets and directions for it:

Ready to teach your class about camouflage? Try this camouflage lab activity!

Types of camouflage include concealing coloration, disruptive coloration, countershading, disguise, and mimicry. Here are a few forms of camouflage:

1. Concealing Coloration

Concealing coloration is when an animalโ€™s colors match its background to help it blend in. Often, animals with concealing coloration are shades of green, gray, and brown so that they do not stand out against leaves, twigs, rocks, and soils. In the polar regions, animals may have white fur so that they blend in with snow.

Examples: A huge number of insects, lizards, turtles, snakes, rodents, and other prey animals have concealing coloration. Some animals, like chameleons, can even change the color of their skin to match their background more closely. Arctic animals with concealing coloration to blend in with snow include some arctic foxes, polar bears, ptarmigans, snowy owls, and arctic hares.

2. Disruptive Coloration

Disruptive coloration includes patterns like spots and stripes that make it difficult to see the outline of an animal. These patterns of contrasting colors can visually break up an animal into pieces. It is difficult to hunt an animal if you cannot tell where its body begins and ends!

Examples: zebra, leopard

3. Countershading

Countershading is a common type of camouflage for aquatic animals. Their bellies are light-colored, like the surface of the water when viewed from below. Their backs are dark, like the waterโ€™s depths when seen from above.

Examples: sea turtles, dolphins, sharks

4. Disguise

Disguise is when an animal looks like something inedible. For example, it disguises itself as a rock or stick. Predators do not realize that the animal is something good to eat.

Examples: walking stick, leaf insects

5. Mimicry

Animals use mimicry to trick predators into thinking they are something yucky, dangerous, or inedible. The mimic may be a relatively harmless animal that looks similar to a dangerous animal. This clever disguise fools predators into thinking the harmless animal is far more dangerous than it is.

Examples: milk snakes look like venomous coral snakes. Viceroy butterflies look like poisonous monarch butterflies.

A Different Strategy: aposematism, aka warning coloration

Aposematism is not camouflage – in fact, it is the opposite of camouflage! Aposematism means warning coloration. Venomous, poisonous, and otherwise dangerous animals often have bold patterns and colors. Contrasting patterns or stripes of red, orange, yellow,  black, and white let predators know to back off! Gila monsters and coral snakes are two venomous reptiles with warning coloration. A skunk’s black and white stripes are another example of warning coloration.

A coral snake and a Gila monster are two venomous reptiles with the striking warning coloration known as aposematism.

Activities for teaching camouflage…

Try teaching a camouflage lab. I created some worksheets for this activity.

classroom handouts of reptiles and worksheets

You will also find the camouflage lab materials in my complete Reptile Unit! From Gila monsters to chameleons, the world of reptiles is full of some crazy patterns and disguises! If you enjoyed learning about the types of camouflage in this post, I know you will love learning more about the camouflage and coloration of reptiles in my complete Reptiles Unit!

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References and Further Reading

  1. American Museum of Natural History (2017). WARNING: Aposematism Explained. Available: https://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/news-posts/warning-aposematism-explained
  2. Rocky Mountain National Park (n.d.). Animal Camouflage. NPS. Available: https://www.nps.gov/romo/animal_camouflage.htm
  3. Rocky Mountain National Park (n.d.). Warning Coloration. NPS. Available: https://www.nps.gov/romo/warning_coloration.htm
  4. Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute (n.d.). Sinaloan milksnake. Available: https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/sinaloan-milksnake
  5. D’Augustino, T. (2019). Why do animals have different color patterns? Michigan State University Extension. Available: https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/why-do-animals-have-different-color-patterns

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10 Nature-inspired art projects for kids to try in your classroom!

A variety of brightly-colored art projects for kids laid out on a wooden table. Projects shown include animal masks, phenology wheels, color wheels in nature, resistance watercolor landscapes, textures in nature, scratch art, one-point perspective forests, and oil pastel planets on black paper!

Wild Earth Lab is supported by readers like you. This post includes links to my own products and affiliate products. If you purchase through links on my site, I may earn a small commission at no additional cost to you.

Today, I wanted to share with you some of my favorite nature art projects from my recent art camp, so that you can try them with your students too! These educational art projects will help students use art as a lens for learning about nature and science – all while trying new art mediums and creating beautiful masterpieces! I hope these nature art projects for kids bring joy to your classroom!

photograph of blank sketchbook and paint brushes

1. Nature’s color wheel

For this nature art project, students create their own color wheels – with a twist. Instead of drawing blotches of each color, have students draw things from nature that are each color of the rainbow. Start with a short brainstorming session as a class. Then, students draw their own color wheels with one thing from nature for each color.

This activity is also great for introducing the concept of biodiversity. The reason we have so many different colors of animals, plants, and flowers in nature is that we have many unique species! Teach students more about biodiversity and colors in nature with my Colors in Nature Activity Pack.

What goes great with nature art projects? Of course my Colors in Nature Activity Pack!

2. Trees with 1-point perspective

Ask students to sit in a circle around the base of a tall tree. Observe how the trunk appears narrower higher up. Then, show students how to use 1-point perspective to create the image of a tall tree or trees viewed from below.

As a bonus, teach your students about forest ecology and the symbiotic relationships of trees when you introduce this art project! It will add another layer of depth to this project and you might even learn something new too! Find my lesson plans for forests and trees below:

3. Animal masks

Why mess with a classic? Students can draw and cut out masks of their favorite animals.

Start by drawing a line down the middle of the paper and discussing symmetry. Next, have students line up the center of the paper with their noses and mark where their eyes should go, with the help of a classmate or teacher. Then, students can draw the animal’s face around the eyes and color it in with their art supplies of choice.

If you prefer printable mask templates, check out my osprey and owl mask templates.

4. Phenology wheels

Phenology wheels help us observe and connect with nature throughout each month of the year. Use a printed phenology wheel template for students or use a compass/string and a ruler to draw a circle and divide it into 12 sections – one for each month. You can also use a light wash of watercolor to create stunning gradient backgrounds for your phenology wheels.

Ask students to think of things they’ve seen in nature during the current month. Consider plants, seasonal changes, types of animals, animal behaviors, weather, and more. Fill out the current month, then send students home with the phenology wheel so they can keep adding to this nature art project during the rest of the year!

I like this free phenology template from the Montana Natural History Center and this one from the Bureau of Land Management too. There are also tons of other phenology wheel templates around the web.

5. Textures in nature

Practice drawing different textures using things from nature. Print out close-up images of bark, fur, scales, insect wings, shells, etc… or better yet, head out into nature and examine natural things up close (with the exception of wildlife, of course!).

Have students draw 4-6 different observed textures. Ask them to consider how their shading, linework, pressure, and color choices help to create the appearance of different textures.

6. Watercolors for creativity

This activity is a great way to practice letting go of rigid expectations for our art. This can be especially beneficial for anyone who tends to become frustrated when their drawings don’t turn out the way they intended.

First, have students use bright colors to create abstract watercolor blotches on a piece of paper. Once the paint dries, use a black pen to turn the blotches into wildflowers, plants, or other images. This is a similar idea to cloud watching and finding images in the clouds. Encourage students to “find” images in the abstract blotches rather than trying to force the blotches to become a desired form. Students will use the pen to accentuate images found within the abstract painting.

Encourage students to apply this technique in their artwork in general – especially when working with mediums that we cannot easily erase or undo, such as carving, colored pencils, and watercolors. Think about ways we can turn “mistakes” into part of the drawing, rather than starting over or giving up.

Need watercolor painting supplies and instructions? It may help to try a beginner-friendly watercolor art kit.

7. Resistance watercolors & mountain landscapes

It has been said that mountains are like the water towers of the world – they collect huge amounts of snow through the winter and then fill our streams and rivers with snowmelt in the spring.

Reflect on mountains’ important role in the water cycle while painting mountains with watercolors – but with a twist! Use crayons first to make a part of the drawing – e.g., snowcapped peaks, the sun over the mountains, a river flowing down from the mountains, etc… Then, paint over the crayon with watercolor. The wax from the crayons repels the watercolors – creating a cool, mixed-media effect!

You can teach your kiddos the basics of watercolors with a kids’ watercolor art kit. And if you want to go the extra mile and learn all about the water cycle while completing this craft, try out my Water Cycle Lesson:

8. Drawing spheres to make planets, moons, and suns

Space provided the building blocks for planet Earth. Similarly, 3D shapes provide the building blocks for much more complex images in art! Learning to draw and shade simple 3D shapes can help us become better artists.

Teach students how to trace a lid and shade a circle to make it look like a 3D sphere. Then, use oil pastels to draw planets, moons, suns, or other space objects on black paper. Your students will love the way these turn out!

Best yet, all you need is oil pastels and black paper to complete this art activity!

9. Scratch-art for nocturnal critters and nighttime

Teach students about nocturnal animals. Then draw your favorite nocturnal animals on scratch art boards. Owls, bats, raccoons, and moths are all great options.

Scratch-art sheets are the perfect medium for drawing nighttime scenes because you start with a dark canvas and then scratch the black coating off with a stylus to reveal a lighter color beneath. Scratch-art is also a great medium for underwater scenes, outer space, and geometric pattern work.

You can also learn more about nocturnal, diurnal, and crepuscular animals with my desert ecosystem mini study!

10. Picture charades

pexels-photo-8923942.jpeg

Picture Charades is always hilarious, fast-paced fun. To set up, pick a theme, then write words or common phrases related to that theme on little pieces of paper to put in a hat. For example, if the theme is “wildlife”, you could write down frog, butterfly, deer, snake, eagle, etc…

Then, divide the class into two groups. Each group sends one “illustrator” to the front of the room. The illustrators take one piece of paper from the hat and look at it together. When you say “go”, the two illustrators draw on the whiteboard while their teams guess. The illustrators should be silent and should not write any letters or words. The first team to correctly guess the word/phrase wins the round. Then, each team sends up a new illustrator. Repeat until everyone has taken a turn drawing, or for as long as desired.

Picture charades are a wonderful activity for taking a break in between more structured art projects. It provides a silly way to make art while moving around and having a laugh.

Picture Charade Ideas

Wildlife: frog, butterfly, deer, snake, eagle, robin, worm, rabbit, wolf, fish, bee, and skunk.

Forest: pine tree, pinecone, leaf, root, berries, vine, owl, fox, squirrel, bush, branch, and acorn.

Ocean: shell, seagull, wave, jellyfish, starfish, shark, seaweed, bubbles, beach, sand, dolphin, and sea turtle.

Pond: lily pad, algae, cattail, frog, tadpole, fish, dragonfly, duck, goose, water strider, turtle, and heron.

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Food Chains vs Food Webs: definitions, differences explained, and examples

art of a food web

Maybe you’ve studied a little ecology and come across the terms “food chain” and “food web.” Both help ecologists explain the ways that energy from food travels through an ecosystem. In this post, we will dive into the differences between food chains and food webs, and look at some examples of both!

Before we dive in:ย If youโ€™re an educator planning toย teach food webs, great activities are key to deepening understanding! I think you and your students will love my Food Webs Unit (plus youโ€™ll support my blog with your purchase! โค๏ธ)

Food Chains

In an ecosystem, organisms are connected through feeding relationships: basically, who eats whom. There are feeding relationships between plants and plant-eating animals and feeding relationships between prey and predators. A food chain is an ordered list of who eats whom in an ecosystem. It is just one of the many paths that allow energy to move through an ecosystem, from organism to organism.

Food chains will always start with a producer: a plant or microorganism that can make its food through photosynthesis, creating sugar and oxygen from water, carbon dioxide gas, and sunlight. The next organism on every food chain will be the primary consumer – a plant-eating animal, also known as an herbivore. Following the primary consumers are one or more additional consumers, called the secondary (2nd) consumer, tertiary (3rd) consumer, quaternary (4th) consumer, etc… Secondary and higher consumers will always be omnivores or carnivores. The final consumer on any food chain is also known as a top predator because it has no predators of its own.

An example of a food chain

Food Chain Diagrams:

We visually represent food chains with a list of organisms connected by arrows to show the movement of energy through food (see above). Food chains are also sometimes represented as pyramids (see below) because it takes many producers to feed each primary consumer, many primary consumers to feed each secondary consumer, and so on. This is why ecosystems have many plants but few top predators. Each layer on the pyramid represents a position in the food chain, called a trophic level.

A food chain pyramid diagram with labels
A pyramid food chain diagram reminds us how it takes many organisms in lower trophic levels to support just a few organisms in higher trophic levels.

Food chains vary in length. Some may be short, with as few as two trophic levels. Others have more trophic levels due to many different producers eating one another. Below, you will find a few examples of food chains.

Food Chain Examples:

Clover -> Rabbit -> Fox

Willow -> Elk -> Wolf

Leaf-> Grasshopper -> Songbird -> Owl

Flower nectar -> Butterfly -> Frog -> Heron

Phytoplankton -> Bivalve -> Walrus -> Orca

Algae -> Caddisfly larva -> Minnow -> Salmon-> Bear

Food Webs

A food chain is just one of the many paths that allow energy to flow through an ecosystem. However, ecosystems are more complicated than a single food chain: every ecosystem includes many overlapping and interconnected food chains. For example, several different herbivores might all graze on one large field of grass. One predator might eat several types of prey to get enough food. The result is a complex network of feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem, called a food web. Food webs map the many paths for the movement of energy between all the organisms in an ecosystem.

In addition to the producers and consumers, decomposers are an important part of any food web. Decomposers are ecosystem members who have an important role in recycling organic matter back into the soil. They consume waste and decaying plant and animal matter. Usually, decomposers are fungi, microorganisms, or invertebrate animals like worms. Thanks to decomposers, nutrients are returned to the soil to help plants grow.

The difference between food chains and food webs? In summary, food chains are a single path showing how energy moves from organism to organism through an ecosystem, while a food web is a more complex network that maps the multiple feeding relationships of each organism in an ecosystem.

Food Web Example:
An example diagram of a food web including decomposers, producers, consumers, primary, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers!

Build Your Own Food Webs:

For a fun, hands-on way to teach students about food webs, try creating models of food webs in your classroom! Read my post about building your own food web models for step-by-step activity directions! Or, you can find all the printable materials, directions, and worksheets for this activity in my complete Food Webs Unit:

Free Food Web Learning Materials:

I’ve created a few free food web learning materials that you can download and print! My email newsletter subscribers can access and download my full collection of free worksheets, handouts, and diagrams, including these:

Download this Free Printable Food Web Poster!
Download some free wildlife research project worksheets! Click here for a list of reference websites for researching wildlife.

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References and Further Reading

  1. EPA (n.d.). EPA EcoBox Tools by Exposure Pathways – Food Chains. Available: https://www.epa.gov/ecobox/epa-ecobox-tools-exposure-pathways-food-chains
  2. National Geographic (n.d.). Food Web. Available: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/food-web/
  3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2019). Aquatic Food Webs. Available: https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/marine-life/aquatic-food-webs

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